Yersinia enterocoliticais an important pathogen to animals and humans. Thirteen strains ofY. enterocolitica were isolated from diseased fish. The partial 16SrDNA gene, five virulence genes, pathogenicity, and drug resistance of Y. enterocolitica strain G6029were studied using molecular biological technology and toxicological method.Results showed that the length of amplified 16SrDNA sequence was 1448bp, and revealed99% homology with Y. enterocolitica. Its GenBank accession number was JX855135.Five virulence genes (ail, ystB, yadA, virF and HPIINT) were detected, and only yadA gene was not seen. Twenty-eight CRUCIAN CARPs that were injected with strain G6029 died within a week, and the mortality was 93.3%, indicating highly pathogenic attribute of this strain. In addition, the strain G6029 was resistant to four antibiotics (sulfafurazole, furazolidone, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin), but it was susceptible to six antibiotics (florfenicol, vibramycin, cefaloridine, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and ampicillin). Further study of pathogenicity ofY. enterocolitica in teleost fish is suggested.

Since specific environmental conditions in estuarine of Gorganrude river is present and biological characteristics and population parameters are influenced with these environmental conditions, we examined biological characteristics of CRUCIAN CARP in Gorganrood estuarine and compared with the other environment. Sampling was done in autumn and in Gorganroud estuarine. Total 49 studied samples belonged to three age groups, 1+, 2+, 3+. Average total length of each groups were 75.48, 122.81, 151 mm and average weight were 8.48, 29.61, 62.2 grams, respectively. In whole specimens just females were detected and it probably related to parthenogenesis of given species. Fulton Factor equals 3.18 and it revealed positive allometric growth.Moment growth coefficient between age group 1+and 2+, between age group 2+and 3+were 0.57 and 0.32, respectively. It could be due to the increased gonadic growth and reduced in somatic growth among higher ages. Relative intestine length was approximately 2.57 and it reflects the feeding strategy of CRUCIAN CARP which is herbivores.Coefficient factor was calculated for expressing nutritional status and it equaled 1.06, which is due to the time of sampling (autumn) and unfavorable environmental conditions. Regression coefficient of length and weight was 0.99 and it reflects high relation between length and weight in this species.

CRUCIAN CARP (Carassius carassius) skin was used for production of gelatin. The gel strength of gelatins extracted for 1, 3 and 6 h was between 106-110 g (P>0. 05). Glycine (349. 21-350. 29 residues/ 1000 residues), alanine (131. 15-132. 73 residues/ 1000 residues), glutamine (81. 76-82. 57 residues/ 1000 residues) and proline (89. 95-96. 48 residues/ 1000 residues) were the main amino acids found in gelatins. Extraction time did not change the amino acid composition of gelatin for most of the amino acids; however the content of proline decreased with increasing extraction time. Gelatin extracted for 3 h had different color compared to other gelatins (P<0. 05). Secondary structure of gelatin was influenced by extraction time. AIII/A1450 ratio of extracted gelatins was between 0. 85-0. 86 which confirmed the loss of triple helix in gelatin. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that gelatin extracted for 6 h had significantly higher Δ ν (ν I-ν II) (114 cm-1) (114) indicating higher denaturation of α-helix chain. Crusian CARP skin could serve as a valuable source for production of gelatin.

In this study protein hydrolysate was produced from the CRUCIAN CARP using Alcalase 2.4L.The effect of temperature (40, 45, 50 and 55oC), time (60, 90, 120, 150, 180 & 210min) and enzyme/substrate (Protein) at ratio of (30, 60 and 90 Anson unit), on degree of hydrolysis and antioxidant activity of product were investigated in a in a completely randomized design. The highest degree of hydrolysis was observed at 45oC, after 180min and enzyme/substrate ratio of 60 Anson unit/ Kg substrate. Under these conditions, degree of hydrolysis was 39.38 %. The antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysate was studied using DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power and Fe++chelating activity. The most DPPH radical scavenging activity was 57.5%, that was obtained at 45ºC, enzyme activity of 60 Au/kg and 150min of time of hydrolysis. Highest Fe++chelating activity (44.56%) observed at 45oC, enzyme activity of 60 Au/kg, and hydrolysis time of 180min. The highest reducing ability of protein hydrolysate observed at 120min. Hydrolysis time which showed 67.32% reducing power compared to 100 ppm ascorbic acid (100 %).

Background: Orbifloxacin is being widely used in China to treat fish infections in an extra-label manner, which may cause its potential residues in edible tissues. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the disposition kinetics of orbifloxacin in CRUCIAN CARP (Carassius auratus) following intramuscular administration for its further safe application in aquaculture industry. Methods: Tissue samples of skin, muscle, kidney, and liver were collected from six CRUCIAN CARPs reared at 25° C at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h following a single intramuscular injection at 7. 5 mg/kg body weight (BW). The orbifloxacin concentrations in tissues were determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with a fluorescence detector, then average concentrations versus time data were subjected to non-compartmental analysis to obtain the kinetic parameters. Results: The peak concentration of 5. 68 ± 0. 03 μ g/g was calculated in kidney at 2 h, followed by muscle (5. 51 ± 0. 01 μ g/g) at 4 h, liver (4. 84 ± 0. 20 μ g/g) at 2 h, and skin (4. 27 ± 0. 08 μ g/g) at 4 h. Area under concentration-time curve was calculated as 79. 22, 94. 72, 118. 65, and 129. 02 h· μ g/g in kidney, liver, skin, and muscle, respectively. And the elimination half-lives were determined as 18. 17, 18. 41, 18. 77, and 19. 11 h in skin, kidney, muscle, and liver, respectively. Conclusion: It was shown that orbifloxacin was well distributed into tissues while relatively slowly eliminated in CRUCIAN CARP reared at 25° C following a single intramuscular injection.

Aims: The functional properties of proteins extracted by Isoelectric Solubilization/Precipitation (ISP) method are influenced by various factors such as the use of acid or base while protein extraction. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional properties of protein extracted from CRUCIAN CARP (Carassius carassius), using acidic and basic ISP method.Materials & Methods: This experimental study was carried out on 56 CRUCIAN CARPs in Bandar Torkaman City, Iran. The minced meat of fish was randomly divided to 2 homogeneous groups for implementing acidic and basic ISP method. The protein was isolated from meat and its functional properties were evaluated. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software, using twosample t-test.Findings The protein extracted from CRUCIAN CARP meat had a significant difference in acidic and basic treatments (p<0.05). There was no difference in water holding between two treatments (p>0.05). The emulsion capacity of the extracted protein was significantly higher in basic treatment than the acidic treatment (p<0.05). The emulsion stability index was also significantly higher in basic treatment than acidic treatment. All samples had a flow behavior index (n) less than 1, indicating that these samples had a pseudoplastic behavior. Conclusion: The protein extracted from CRUCIAN CARP meat is higher in the acidic treatment, but the basic treatment has better functional properties. The basic treatment has a higher emulsion capacity than the acidic treatment, and the stability index is high in the basic treatment. Protein solutions as well as acidic and basic emulsions have a pseudoplastic property. The amount of food viscosity is higher in acidic treatments compared to the basic treatment.

CRUCIAN CARP (Carassius carassius) skin was used for production of gelatin. The gel strength of gelatins extracted for 1, 3 and 6 h was between 106-110 g (P>0. 05). Glycine (349. 21-350. 29 residues/ 1000 residues), alanine (131. 15-132. 73 residues/ 1000 residues), glutamine (81. 76-82. 57 residues/ 1000 residues) and proline (89. 95-96. 48 residues/ 1000 residues) were the main amino acids found in gelatins. Extraction time did not change the amino acid composition of gelatin for most of the amino acids; however the content of proline decreased with increasing extraction time. Gelatin extracted for 3 h had different color compared to other gelatins (P<0. 05). Secondary structure of gelatin was influenced by extraction time. AIII/A1450 ratio of extracted gelatins was between 0. 85-0. 86 which confirmed the loss of triple helix in gelatin. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that gelatin extracted for 6 h had significantly higher Δ ν (ν I-ν II) (114 cm-1) (114) indicating higher denaturation of α-helix chain. Crusian CARP skin could serve as a valuable source for production of gelatin.

The silver CRUCIAN CARP (Carassius auratus gibelio), a gynogenetic teleost, is a promising model for the study of evolutionary genetics in vertebrates. We identified ten gynogenetic clones (FZ-I~FZ-X) from triploid silver CRUCIAN CARP, collected from Fangzheng County in Heilongjiang Province, China, using microsatellite markers. The genetic diversity of these gynogenetic clones was analyzed using 52 microsatellite markers. A total of 413 alleles were detected and the length of fragments ranged from 96 to 340 bp. The number of alleles per locus varied from 2 ~19 (mean=7.9423). The observed heterozygosity at polymorphic loci ranged from 0.10~1.00 (mean=0.80). The average allele count per gynogenetic clone ranged from 1.9423~2.1923. The ratio of the polymorphic locus was from 71.15% (VII) to 84.61% (IX) per clone. The number of genotypes ranged from 2~10 per locus. Ten genotypes were observed by analyzing each of 14 microsatellites. As a result, each gynogenetic clone could be accurately identified. In addition, the growth traits, including body weight, length, and height, among five gynogenetic clones were compared. There was a significant difference among gynogenetic clones. Clone FZ-V exhibited the best growth traits, with the largest body weight (53.17±5.24 g), length (11.38±0.37 cm) and height (4.69±0.18 cm). Our results provide basic data for the identification of silver CRUCIAN CARP gynogenetic clones and can be used as a guide genetic breeding programs.

The objective of this study was to produce fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) with the most antioxidant activity, by enzymatic hydrolysis from (Carassius carassius). The protein of CRUCIAN CARP a low value fish was hydrolyzed by Alcalase 2.4L and the optimal hydrolysis parameters of strongest antioxidant capacity of peptides were obtained using response surface methodology (RSM) by the central rotatable composite design (CRCD). The combined effects of temperature, time and enzyme activity on 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging capacity of FPH were well fitted to a quadric equation with using Design expert software. The mathematical model presented a plateau region with maximum Antioxidant activity (>58.22%) at the following critical values: temperature =48.11oC, time =151.27 min and enzyme activity =64.43 Anson unit per kilogram protein. Results indicated that CRUCIAN CARP protein hydrolysate has the potential to apply as a natural antioxidant in foods ingredient and pharmaceutical applications in the future.